手术治疗主要用于去除瘤灶，达到治疗的目的，同时也适用于癌症的预防、诊断、 分期、术后结构重建与功能康复等。这种方法不存在生物抵抗性；无潜在致癌可能； 不受肿瘤差异性影响；能提供准确的病理分期及组织学类型；适用于大部分未扩散 的肿瘤。但是会破坏正常组织；可有手术并发症，可致畸形、影响正常功能，甚至 危及生命；已有转移者，不能完全治愈；重要器官无法彻底切除。
註解：癌細胞將於所到之處繼續失控的繁殖。舉例：若肺癌細胞轉移到肝臟，則肝臟將出現不斷增生的肺部細胞（不具肺功能），且此細胞具有入侵正常肝臟細胞的能力，導致肝功能不斷降低；反之，不具入侵能力但失控繁殖的細胞，稱為良性腫瘤。
Metastasis is typical inside the late phases of most cancers and it may happen by using the blood or maybe the lymphatic process or both equally. The everyday steps in metastasis are:
三级预防是治疗后的康复，防止病情恶化，提高生存质量，减轻痛苦，延长生命。
值得注意的是，有些肿瘤并不能截然划分良恶性，病理学检查也可有一定偏差，需要更长时间的临床观察明确其性质。
虽然医生知道哪些因素会增加患癌风险，但大多数癌症会发生于没有任何已知导致癌症的风险因素的人身上。可导致癌症风险增加的已知因素包括：
[one hundred and five] Each individual of those alterations regulates gene expression devoid of altering the fundamental DNA sequence. These changes may perhaps stay by way of mobile divisions, endure for several generations, and will be regarded as such as mutations.
转移灶切除术：在原发灶控制良好的基础上进行，临床常见肝、肺、脑转移灶局部切除手术。
Within the nineteen seventies, a relatively preferred different cancer therapy while in the US was a specialised type of converse therapy, depending on the concept cancer was a result of a foul Frame of mind.[244] Individuals with a "most cancers temperament"—depressed, repressed, self-loathing and frightened to express their thoughts—have been considered to own manifested most cancers by means of subconscious motivation. Some psychotherapists claimed that remedy to alter the affected individual's outlook on daily 癌症 life would cure the cancer.[244] Amid other outcomes, this belief permitted Culture accountable the victim for acquiring prompted the most cancers (by "seeking" it) or owning prevented its cure (by not getting a sufficiently satisfied, fearless and loving particular person).
Radiation might cause cancer in most parts of the human body, in all animals and at any age. Small children are two times as prone to create radiation-induced leukemia as Older people; radiation exposure prior to delivery has ten occasions the result.[76]
Taller folks have a heightened threat of cancer since they have much more cells than shorter individuals. Since height is genetically determined to a large extent, taller folks have a heritable boost in cancer risk.[88]
The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with cigarette smoking. Exposure to unique substances are actually associated with particular varieties of cancer. These substances are called carcinogens.
只有一小部分癌症是由于遗传疾病所致。如果癌症在您的家族中较为常见，则突变可能从一代传给下一代。您可能适合接受基因检测，以确认您是否遗传了可能增加某些癌症风险的突变。请记住，遗传基因突变并不表示肯定会罹患癌症。
Businesses can also make using the services of or firing choices dependant on misconceptions about cancer disabilities, if present. The EEOC supplies job interview guidelines for employers, along with lists of doable options for evaluating and accommodating employees with most cancers.[253]